Ingredient Substitutions

To make your own almond meal:

• Place 1 cup (100 grams) sliced (blanched (skins off) or natural (skins on)) almonds with
• 1 tablespoon (14 grams) granulated white sugar in a blender or food processor and process until finely ground.

Adding sugar or flour to the almonds prevents clumping as it absorbs the oil exuded from the almonds. Toasting the almonds first dries them which also helps to prevent clumping.

• 1 3/4 cups (175 grams) ground blanched almonds plus 1 1/2 cups (175 grams) powdered (confectioners or icing) sugar plus 1 large egg white (30 grams) plus 1 teaspoon almond extract plus 1/4 teaspoon salt

High-Altitude Adjustments:

Above 3000 ft. – reduce baking powder 1/8 teaspoon for every 1 teaspoon of baking powder in recipe

Above 5000 ft. – reduce baking powder 1/8-1/4 teaspoon for every 1 teaspoon baking powder  in recipe

Above 7000 ft. - reduce baking powder 1/4 teaspoon for every 1 teaspoon baking powder in recipe

• 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar plus 1/4 teaspoon cornstarch
• 1 1/2 teaspoons single-action baking powder
• 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) buttermilk, sour milk or yogurt to replace 1/2 cup (120 ml) non-acidic liquid

• 2/3 teaspoon double-acting bakingpowder
• 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar plus 1/4 teaspoon cornstarch

(Sodium Bicarbonate)

• 2 teaspoons double-acting baking powder (must replace the acidic liquid in recipe with non-acidic liquid)
• 1/2 teaspoon potassium bicarbonate

• 1 cup Panko crumbs
• 1 cup crushed cracker crumbs
• 1 cup crushed cornflakes
• 1 cup crushed potato chips

Semi-sweet

• 1/2 ounce (15 grams) unsweetened chocolate plus 1 tablespoon (15 grams) granulated white sugar

• 1 ounce (30 grams) bittersweet or semi-sweet plus 1 tablespoon (15 grams) granulated white sugar
• 1 ounce (30 grams) sweet dark chocolate
• 1 ounce (30 grams) white chocolate

• 1 ounce (30 grams) bittersweet or semi-sweet chocolate plus 1/2 tablespoon (7 grams) granulated white sugar
• 1 ounce (30 grams) milk chocolate

• 3 tablespoons (20 grams) natural cocoa powder (not Dutch-processed) plus 1 tablespoon (14 grams) unsalted butter, vegetable oil or shortening

• 1 ounce (30 grams) milk chocolate
• 1 ounce (30 grams) sweet dark chocolate

• 3 tablespoons (20 grams) natural unsweetened cocoa powder plus 1/8 teaspoon baking soda
• 1 ounce (30 grams) unsweetened chocolate plus 1/8 teaspoon baking soda (reduce fat in recipe by 1 tablespoon)

• 3 tablespoons (20 grams) Dutch-processed cocoa plus 1/8 teaspoon cream of tartar, lemon juice or white Vinegar
• 1 ounce (30 grams) unsweetened chocolate (reduce fat in recipe by 1 tablespoon)

• 1 cup (90 grams) dried flaked coconut
• 3/4 cup (75 grams) dried shredded coconut

• 1 1/4 cups freshly grated coconut
• 1 1/4 cup (110 grams) dried flaked coconut

• 1 cup (240 ml) canned coconut milk (not low fat)
• 3 tablespoons canned cream of coconut plus enough hot water or milk to equal 1 cup (240 ml)
• 1/4 cup (60 ml) coconut cream powder plus 1 cup (240 ml) hot water or milk

• 1 cup (240 ml) canned coconut cream
• 1 cup (240 ml) top layer of canned coconut milk (not low fat) (do not shake or stir can before skimming)
• 1 cup (240 ml) heavy whipping cream (35% butterfat) plus 1/2 cup coconut cream powder

• 2 tablespoons (10 grams) instant espresso powder dissolved in 3 tablespoons hot water

• Can substitute equally among
  chocolate wafers, vanilla wafers, graham crackers, macaroons, or gingersnaps

• 1 cup regular milled cornmeal
• 1 cup corn grits
• 1 cup polenta

• 3/4 cup (180 ml) light corn syrup plus 1/4 cup (60 ml) light molasses

• 1 cup (240 ml) dark corn syrup
• (240 ml) honey
•  (200 grams) granulated white sugar (increase the liquid in the recipe by 1/4 cup (60 ml))

• 2 tablespoons (25 grams) all purpose Flour
• 1 tablespoon (15 grams) potato starch or rice starch or Flour
• 2 tablespoons (25 grams) quick-cooking (instant) tapioca

• 1/2 teaspoon white Vinegar or lemon juice

• 1 cup (225 grams) creme fraiche
• 1 cup (225 grams) mascarpone cheese
• 1 cup (240 ml) heavy
  whipping cream (35% butterfat), whipped

• 1 cup (225 grams) sour cream
• 1 cup (240 ml) whipping cream plus 1 tablespoon buttermilk or yogurt
• 1/2 cup (120 ml) whipping cream plus 1/2 cup (112 grams) sour cream
• 1 cup (225 grams) mascarpone cheese

• 7/8 cup (210 ml) whole milk plus 2 tablespoons (25 grams) melted unsalted butter
• 1/2 cup (120 ml) light cream (5% butterfat) plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) whole milk
• 1/2 cup (120 ml) partly skimmed milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) heavy whipping cream (35%)

• 2/3 cup (160 ml) whole milk plus 1/3 cup (75 grams) melted unsalted butter

• 1 cup (240 ml) half & half cream
  (12% butterfat)
• 7/8 cup (210 ml) whole milk plus 3 tablespoons (35 grams) melted butter
• 1/2 cup (120 ml) evaporated milk or heavy cream plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) milk

• 3/4 cup (180 ml) whole milk plus 1/4 cup (57 grams) melted unsalted butter
• 1 cup (240 ml) half & half cream (12% butterfat)

• 1 cup (225 grams) plain yogurt
• 3/4 cup (180 ml) sour milk, buttermilk or plain yogurt + 1/3 cup (75 grams) melted butter
• 1 cup (225 grams) creme fraiche
• 1 tablespoon lemon juice or Vinegar plus enough whole milk to fill 1 cup (240 ml) (let stand 5-10 minutes)

• 1 cup (120 grams)  raisins
• 1 cup (120 grams) chopped dates
• 1 cup (120 grams) other dried fruit (cranberries, cherries, blueberries)

• 2 large egg yolks (36 grams) plus 1 tablespoon water (in baking)
• 2 large egg yolks (36 grams) (for custards, sauces, puddings and mousses)
• 3 1/2 tablespoons frozen whole egg, thawed
• 3 1/2 tablespoons egg substitute

• 2 tablespoons frozen egg whites, thawed
• 1 tablespoon powdered egg white plus 2 tablespoons water

• 1 large whole egg (In Shell 57 grams) (Without Shell 50 grams)

• 2 tablespoons powdered egg yolkplus 2 teaspoons water
• 3 1/2 teaspoons frozen egg yolks, thawed

• 1/2 of vanilla bean
• 1/2 – 1 teaspoon other extract (almond, orange, lemon, etc.)

• 1 teaspoon of other extract (vanilla, orange, lemon, etc.)
• 1 to 2 drops of oil of same flavor

• 1/2 cup (113 grams) unsalted butter plus 1/4 teaspoon salt
• 1/2 cup (113 grams) margarine
• 1/2 cup (113 grams) solid vegetable shortening or lard

• 1/2 cup (113 grams)  salted butter (decrease the salt in recipe by 1/4 teaspoon)
• 1/2 cup (113 grams) margarine
• 1/2 cup (113 grams) solid vegetable shortening or lard

• 1/2 cup (113 grams) solid vegetable shortening
• 1/2 cup (113 grams) plus 1 tablespoon (14 grams) unsalted butter

• 1/2 cup (113 grams) salted or unsalted butter
• 1/2 cup (113 grams) solid vegetable shortening

• 1/2 cup (113 grams) salted or unsalted butter
• 1/2 cup(113 grams) lard
• 1/2 cup (113 grams) margarine

• 1 cup (110 grams) plus 2  tablespoons (20 grams) sifted cake Flour
• 1 cup (140 grams) self-rising flour (omit baking powder and salt from recipe)
• 7/8 cup (130 grams) rice flour (starch) (do not replace all of the Flour with the rice Flour)
• 1/2 cup (65 grams) white cake Flour plus 1/2 cup (75 grams) whole wheat Flour

• 1 cup (140 grams) all purpose Flour

• 3/4 cup (105 grams) all purpose Flour plus 2 tablespoons (30 grams) cornstarch

• 1 1/3 cup (185 grams) all purpose Flour plus 2/3 cup (85 grams) cake flour

• Equal amounts of cake or pastry Flour

• 1 cup (140 grams) similar grade (all purpose) Flour plus 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder plus 1/4 teaspoon salt

• 7/8 cup (120 grams) all purpose Flour plus 2 tablespoon (6 grams) wheat germ
• 1 cup graham Flour

• 1 (1/4 ounce) envelope (7 grams) powdered Gelatin

• 4 leaves sheet gelatin
• 2 teaspoons agar

Ghee

• 1 tablespoon clarified butter
• 1 tablespoon vegetable oil

• 1 tablespoon candied ginger, rinsed and finely chopped
• 1 1/2 teaspoon ground dried ginger plus 1/2 teaspoon fresh lemon juice

• 1/2 cup (120 ml) light corn syrup

• 1 cup (240 ml) light molasses
• 1 cup (240 ml) corn syrup

• 3/4 cup (180 ml) maple syrup plus 1/2 cup (100 grams) granulated white sugar
• 3/4 cup (180 ml) light or dark corn syrup plus 1/2 cup (100 grams) granulated white sugar
• 3/4 cup (180 ml) light molasses plus 1/2 cup (100 grams) granulated white sugar
• 1 1/4 cups (250 grams – 265 grams) granulated white or brown sugar plus 1/4 cup (60 ml) additional liquid in recipe plus 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar

• 1 tablespoon bottled lemon juice
• 1 tablespoon fresh lime juice
• 1/2 tablespoon Vinegar (depending on recipe and do not use for flavoring)

Zest

• 1 teaspoon orange or lime zest
• 1/2 teaspoon lemon extract

• 1 tablespoon lemon or orange juice

• 1 teaspoon lemon or orange

• 1 cup (240 ml) maple syrup (reduce liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup)
• 3/4 cup (150 grams) granulated white sugar plus 1 teaspoon pure maple extract

• 1/2 cup (100 grams) maple sugar (increase liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup (60 ml))
• 1 cup (240 ml) honey
• 3/4 cup (180 ml) corn syrup plus 1/4 cup (57 grams) butter plus 1/2 teaspoon maple extract (optional)

• 1 cup miniature
• 2.5 ounces marshmallow cream

• 2 cups (450 grams) almond paste plus 1 cup (115 grams) powdered sugar plus 2 tablespoons light corn syrup

• 1 cup (225 grams) cream fraiche
• 3/4 cup (170 grams) cream cheese beaten with 1/4 cup (60 ml) heavy whipping cream (35%)

• 1 tablespoon lemon juice or Vinegar (white or cider) plus enough milk to make
• 1 cup (240 ml) (let stand 5-10 minutes)1 cup (225 grams) plain or low fat yogurt
• 1 cup (225 grams) sour cream
• 1 cup (240 ml) water plus 1/4 cup buttermilk powder
• 1 cup (240 ml) milk plus 1 1/2 – 1 3/4 teaspoons cream of tartar

• 1 cup instant nonfat dry milk plus 2/3 cup (135 grams) granulated white sugar plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) boiling water plus 3 tablespoons (35 grams) melted unsalted butter (process in blender or food processor until smooth)

• 1 cup (240 ml) half & half (10-12% butterfat)
• 1 cup (240 ml) light or table cream (20% butterfat)
• 1 cup (240 ml) light (30% butterfat) or heavy whipping cream (35% butterfat)

• 1/4 cup powdered skim milk plus 7/8 cup (210 ml) water
• 1/2 cup (120 ml) evaporated skim milk plus1/2 cup (120 ml) water

• 1/2 cup (120 ml) evaporated whole milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) water
• 1/2 cup condensed milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) water1 cup (240 ml) skim milk plus 2 tablespoons (25 grams) melted butter
• 1/4 cup powdered skim milk plus 7/8 cup (210 ml) water plus 1 tablespoon (14 grams) melted butter

• 1 cup (240 ml) honey
• 1 cup (240 ml) dark corn syrup
• 1 cup (240 ml) maple syrup
• 3/4 cup (180 ml) light or dark brown sugar heated to dissolve in 1/4 cup (60 ml)  liquid

• 1 cup (100 grams) of similar nuts prepared in the same way

• 1 cup (90 grams) regular (old fashioned) rolled oats

• 1 cup (90 grams) quick-cooking rolled

• 1 cup reconstituted frozen concentrate

• 1 teaspoon lemon or lime zest
• 1 teaspoon finely chopped candied orange peel

• 1 cup cornmeal
• 1 cup corn grits

• 1 cup (120 grams) dried currants
• 1 cup (120 grams) pitted chopped dates
• 1 cup (120 grams) dried fruit, finely chopped (cherries, cranberries, blueberries, etc.)

• 1 cup (225 grams) dry cottage cheese

• 1 teaspoon any flower-based water

• 1 teaspoon sea salt or table

• 1 teaspoon kosher or table

• 1 teaspoon kosher or sea salt

• 1 cup (200 grams) caster (superfine) sugar
• 1 cup (215 grams) tightly packed light or dark brown sugar

• 1 cup (215 grams) raw sugar
• 1 cup (200 grams) white granulated sugar
• 1 cup (200 grams) white granulated sugar plus
• 1/4 cup (60 ml)  unsulfured light molasses
• For light brown sugar – substitute 1/2 cup (110 grams) dark brown sugar plus 1/2 cup (100 grams) white granulated sugar

• 1 cup (200 grams) granulated white sugar, processed in food processor until very fine

• 1 cup (215 grams) light or dark brown sugar

• 2 tablespoons (24 grams) pearl tapioca, soaked
• 1 1/2 tablespoons (20 grams) Flour

• 2 – 3 teaspoons pure vanilla extract

• 1/2 teaspoon powdered

• 1/4 cup (60 ml) white Vinegar

• 1/4 cup (60 ml) apple cider Vinegar
• 1/3 cup (80 ml) freshly squeezed lemon juice

• 1 scant (7 grams) tablespoon active dry Yeast
• 1 cake (3/5 ounce) fresh compressed Yeast
• 1 tablespoon (7 grams) fast-rising active Yeast

• 1 (1/4 ounce) envelope (7 grams) active dry Yeast
• 1 scant tablespoon (7 grams) active dry Yeast

• 1 cup (225 grams) sour cream
• 1 cup (240 ml) buttermilk
• 1 cup (225 grams) creme fraiche
• 1 cup (240 ml) heavy whipping cream (35% butterfat) plus 1 tablespoon freshly squeezed lemon juice